The NYT devoted a major Sunday magazine piece to this question. It never raised the most fundamental question, if we buy all our manufactured goods from someone else, how are we going to pay for them?OK, let's start with what they got right. First, yes the net exports on services is much smaller than that of manufacturing: $170 billion on services and $800 billion on exports. And as more services go abroad, that first number is likely to get a lot smaller.
Our goods deficit is currently running at annual rate of around $800 billion or 5.3 percent of GDP. We have a surplus on services of around $170 billion a year, less than 1.2 percent of GDP. If we lost all our manufacturing, then the deficit on goods would increase by about $1.2 trillion to more than 13 percent of GDP.
What services do we think that we will export to make up this gap? We are rapidly losing ground in many areas. For example in software and computer services we are already a big net importer from India. It is hard to see how this gets reversed any time soon. We do earn a lot of patent licensing fees, but these fees will always be vulnerable to a tide of free trade sentiment. Besides, it is very hard to imagine them rising beyond a couple of percent of GDP as a maximum.
One of our biggest surplus areas is tourism. This raises the prospect that the anti-manufacturing crowd thinks that we are too sophisticated to work in factories, but not to clean toilets and make beds. There is nothing wrong with latter (I have done it as a summer job), but it's not what most folks would consider upscale employment.
The bottom line is that unless we think someone is going to hand us trillions of dollars worth of manufactured goods for nothing indefinitely, then there is zero doubt that America needs manufacturing. It also needs people writing on economic issues who know arithmetic.
But basic arithmetic doesn't get you very far here; it's much more complicated than it seems. Trade deficits are arbitrary distinctions between net exports and capital flows. Every dime that flows out of the country is a dime that flows in. Sometimes it's as an import but more often it's an investment. In other words, Americans pay for imported goods by supplying investment opportunities for foreigners. Despite all that's happened in the past few years, the US is still a hub of promising entrepreneurial activity. But more on that in a second.
This relates to what the CEPR foolishly suggests: that the trade deficit generates debt. Thus the "need" to develop manufacturing jobs because there is no debt. None. Zero. Nada. No debt is generated from the trade deficit. When I buy something from Japan, my debt does not increase (unless I borrow to buy that thing I bought). I owe Japan nothing.
Now it's true that few Americans work in manufacturing, but it's not because of trade as the CEPR implies. It's technology. Americans produce about 20% of the world manufacturing output: that's equal to Brazil, Russia, India, and China combined. And the reason why so few Americans produce so much is because each American is so productive. Technology allows one person do to the work of ten or a hundred which is why productivity is high while the number of jobs is low.
But even if you ignore all of that, trade deficit statistics suffer a fundamental accounting problem. A $600 iPhone imported from China increases the trade deficit to China by $600. But only a small fraction of that money goes to Chinese workers. Most of it (60%) goes to American workers for design, engineering, marketing, and profit. Adjusted for valued added, a new paper argues that the US's trade deficit with China (about $133 billion) isn't a deficit at all but a surplus at about $32.25 billion.
In other words, the US manufactures A LOT: they're called ideas.
